MORPHOLGY

SUMMARY

Lecturer : Maria Ramasari, M.Pd

Compiled By:

Ika Agus Rizkiani     (2114002)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

INSTITUTE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS OF REPUBLICS OF INDONESIA

(STKIP PGRI LUBUKLINGGAU)

2016

What is Morphology?

Linguistic is scientific study about language. Classification:

1.      Language meaning (semantic)

2.      Language context (sociolinguistic)

3.      Language form (morphology, syntax, phonology)

Morphology focus on form of words. Morphology is the study of the form of words. How

They are formed and their relationship to other words in the same language. A morpheme can’t stand alone.

For example: Talk + Ed

                       

            Root word       morpheme

1.      Words Token : All word in the text are counted eventhough there are repeatation the words are still counted

2.      Words Type: If the words are one type just count it one time.

3.      Lexeme: if the words are one part of speech just count 1. Even the words have different grammar form justcount it one.

Lexican is words in brain. It is mean that the words that we spell can’t be found on the dictionary but we know the meaning and already familiar with the words.

For example:   → weseweswes

                        → melting pot

MORPHEMES

A.           Definition of Morphemes

Morpheme is a short segment of language that meets criteria:

1)   It is a word or a part of word that has meaning

2)   It can not be devided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of meaning or without meaningless reminders.

3)   It recurs in differen verbal environments with relatively sable meaning.

B.            Free and Bound Morphemes

Morphemes are of two kinds, namely free and bound.

1)   A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.

For example:

I play basketball in the field

Play is free morpheme, because it can be uttered alone and has meaning .

2)   A bound morpheme is unlike the free but it can not be uttered alone with meaning. A bound morpheme is always following a free morphemes. The form of bound morphemes are like er, ed, ly, un, etc.

Here the example:

Player                er

Dreamed            ed

Manly                ly

C.           Bases

A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning. A word may contain one base and several affixes. It means that a base can in front of word and the lastword.  A form of words in the bases like: unbelieveable, re-enter, annoyance, etc. A base is a linguistic form that meets one or more of these requirements:

1)   It can occur as an immediate constituent of a word whose only other immediate constituent is a preffix or suffix.

Example: resend (re is bound and send is bases), review (re is bound and view is bases).

2)   It is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another allomorph that is a free form.

Example: comprehend (com is bases and prehend is bound), bigamy (biga is bases and my is bound)

3)   It is a borrowing from another language in which it is a free form or base.

Example: biometric, microcosm.

D.           Different in Morphemic Analysis

1)   The first is that youhave your own individual stock of morphemes just as you have a vocabulary that is particularly your own.

2)   The second is that person may know a given morpheme but differ in the degree to which they are aware if its presence in various words.

3)   The last matter is additive meaning, is a problem in itself.

E.            Affixes

An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or after a base. There are theree kinds of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.

1)   Prefixes are those bound morpheme that occur before a base, like compact, unlike, copilot etc.

2)   Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word, like accountable (from account for).

(a) Infix: an affix that inserted inside the word

Example:

The infix or is characteristics of hip-hop slang:

F Hizouse for house

F Shiznit for shift

Infexes also occur in some language games (ironic pseudo-sophistication):

F Sophistimacated

F Saxomaphone

F Edumacation

Chemical nomenclature include the infixes:

F Picoline á pipecoline

F Lutidine á lupetidine

F Phenidine á phenitidine

F Xanthoxylin á xanthoxyletin

A comprehensive grammar of the english language by Randolf Quirk:

F Ungett-ABLE-at (somthing that one could not get at)

F PassER-by ( a person who was passing by)

F MotherS-in-law (an alternative plural to “mother in laws)

(b) Reduplication: repeating the entire word (full reduplication) or partial reduplication

Example:

F It’s a big... big... dog.

F Bling-bling

F The town is very very crowded

F Teeny weeny

F Okey dokey

F Zig zag

F Wee wee

F Hocus pocus

F Itsy bitsy

F Walkie talkie

(c) Proclitic: is a clitic that precedes the word to which it’s phonologically joined (lean forward)

Example:

F The english article the, when unstressed and with a reduce vowel, is a proclitic(the house)

F “They love to dance” á “They love t’dance”

F D’habitute

F An apple

(d)Internal change: is a process that subtitutes one none morphemic segmen for another.

Example:

F Sing-sang

F Drive-drove

F Foot-feet

F Mouse-mice

F Tooth-teeth

F Geese-goose

F Man-men

F Break-broke-broken

F Sing-sang-sung

F Live-life

F Breath-breathe

F Prove-proof

(e) Suppletion: a morphological process where a root morpheme is replacing by phonologically unrelated form.

Example:

Ø Go-went-gone

Ø Is/are-was/were-been

Ø Good-better-best

Ø Bad-worse-worst

Ø Bovine-cow

Ø Do-did-done

3)   Suffixes are bound morpheme that occur after a base,like shrinkage, failure, noisy, realize, nails, and dreamed, etc.

F.            Inflectional suffixes

The inflectional suffixes can be schematized as follows:

No	Inflectional Affix	Example	Name
1.	{-S pl}	Dogs, oxen, mice	Noun plural
2.	{-S sg ps}	Ika’s	Noun singular possesive
3.	{-S  pl ps}	Boy’s, men’s	Noun plural possesive
4.	{-S 3d}	Vacates	Present third person singular
5.	{-ING vb}	Reading	Present participle
6.	{-D pt}	Played	Past tense
7.	{-D pp}	Eaten, were	Past participle
8.	{-ER cp)	Bolder, sooner, nearer	Comperative
9.	{-EST sp}	Boldest, soonest, nearest	Superlative

The word to which these affixes (suffixes and infixes) are attached are called stems. The stems includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes. thus, the stems of playboys is playboy and that of beautified is beautify.

G.           Derivational suffixes

It can be more than one suffix and it’s unstable meaning. Among the characteristics of derivational suffixes there are three that will be our immediate concern.

1)             The words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary matter.

2)             In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffix changes the part of speech of the word to which it is added.

3)             Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word: that is after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add another derivational suffix and can requently add an inflectional suffix.

For example: Organize                 Organization                 Organizational

                         Adj                           Noun                                Adv

H.           Suffixal Homophones

Homophones is the words that have some pronounciation but different meaning. Some suffixes, both inflectional and deerivational, have homophonous forms. The inflectional morpheme {-ER cp} has two homophones. The first is the derivational suffix  {-ER n}, which is attaced to verb to form naoun. The second derivational –er morpheme appears at the end like chatter, matter, flicker, glitter, patter. This {-ER rp} convey the ing of repetion.

The verb inflectional suffix {-ING vb} has two homophones. The first one is the nominal derivational suffix {-ING nm}, which in word like meetings, weddings, readings.  The second homophone of  {-ING vb} is the adjectival morphemes {-ING aj}, as in charming woman.

The adverbial derivational suffix, {-LY av} is added to most adjectives to foorm adverb of manner, as in rich, richly, kind, kindly, formal, formality, happy, happly. This adverbial {-LY av} has as a homophone the derivational suffix {-LY aj}, and adjectival morpheme that is distributed as follow:

1.             It is added to monosyllable noun to form adjectived that are inflectived with –er, -est.

2.             It is added to noun to form adjectives taht are not inflected with _er, -est.

Examples: mother, motherly, leisure, leisurely.

3.             It is added to a few adjectives, giving alternate adjectival form that are also inflected with –er, -est.

Examples: dead, dealy, live, lively, kind, kindly, sick, sickly.

4.             It is added to a short list of “time” noun to form adjectives.

Example: day, daily, hour, hourly,month, monthly.

I.              Noun Feminine Form

English has a small group of nouns with feminine derivational suffixes. All but (-ster) are of foreign origin. They have been added to a masculine form or a base morpheme.

No	Suffix	Masculine	Feminine
1.	-e (borrowed from French)	fiancé	fiancée
2.	-enne (borrowed from French)	comedian	comedienne
3.	-ess (the most productive)	patron	patroness
4.	-etta	Henry	Henrietta
5.	-ette	usher	usherette
6.	-euse (borrowed from French)	masseur	masseuse
7.	-ina	George	Georgina
8.	-ine	hero	heroine
9.	-ster (no longer a feminine suffix)	spinner	spinster
10.	-stress (dead suffix)	seamster	seamstress
11.	-ix	aviator	aviatrix

The feminine suffixes must be used judiciously. Although some individuals are unconcerned about morphological forms that distinguish men from women, others see such distinctions as unnecessary and perhaps even demeaning to women. English has about fifty pairs of words with separate forms of the masculine and the feminine. bull, cow; uncle, aunt; gander, goose These are a matter of lexicography rather than morphology.

J.             Noun Diminutive Form

There are six diminutive suffixes in English. They are morphemes that convey a meaning of smallness or endearment or both.

No	Suffix	Example
1.	‐ie, ‐i, ‐y (highly productive)	auntie, Betty, sweetie, Willy
2.	‐ette (in active usre)	dinette, towelette
3.	‐kin, ‐ikin,‐kins (unproductive)	babykins
4.	‐ling (unproductive)	duckling, darling,
5.	‐et (unproductive)	circlet
6.	‐let (unproductive)	booklet, starlet

Other diminutives have come to English as part of borrowed words. They were diminutive in their own or parent language but are nonmorphemic in English.

K.           Immediate Constituents

Morphemes; bases, prefixes, infixes, and suffixes of which words are composed, are put together to build the word structure. Blaze is composed of one morpheme; unitary part. Cheerful is composed of two morphemes, with the division between them: Cheerful

                                                        Cheer  ful

A word of three or more morphemes is not made up of a string of individual parts; it is built with a hierarchy of two somes.

Gentlemanly is composed of three morphemes.

*Gentle+manly                         gentlemanly

*Gentleman+ly                          gentlemanly

                                                                          

          Gentleman         ly    gentle       man       ly       un          gentle        man      ly

In doing words diagram to show layers of structure, we make successive divisions into two parts, each of which is called an immediate constituents, IC. The process is continued until all component morphemes of a word, the ultimate constituents, have been isolated.

Recommendations on IC division:

1)             If a word ends in an inflectional suffix, the first cut is between this suffix and the rest of the word.

 

Pre           conceiv   ed      mal        formation    s

2)             One of the ICs should be, if possible, a free form. A free form is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, e.g., enlarge, dependent, supportable.

Wrong:                                                    Right:

    

               En       large            ment                            en                      large          ment

 

                                                                                

            In               depend     ent                             in        depend               ent

 

       In             support        able                      in            support                  able

3)             The meaning of the ICs should be related to the meaning of the word. It would be wrong to cut restrain like this:

  Rest           rain

Because neither rest nor rain has a semantic connection with restrain. Nor would a division of starchy as              

                 star        chy

be right because this would give n unrelated morpheme and a meaningless fragment. The two examples are properly cut in this way:     

                                                   re                          strain        star                  chy

L.            Allomorphs

Allomorphs is the varian of morpheme. Allomorphs related to the phonological. So, allomorphs is the varian form of morpheme that has pronounciation but do not changes meaning. Example: play+ed = played (do not change meaning).

1)             Past tense. The morpheme {-D pt}.               Alveolar stop.

2)             Noun plural. The morpheme {-S pl}

M.          Conditioning: Phonological and Morphological

There are three kinds:

(1)          Addictive allomorph

Example: Past tense                     t/d               walked

               Noun plural                   s/z/iz             cats, dogs

(2)          Zero allomorph (do not change meaning)

Example: hit   hit   hit                  read    read    read

                V₁    V₂   V₃                    V₁          V₂       V₃

(3)          Supplective allomorph (complete change)

Example: good, better (adjective)

               Go, went, gone (verb)

N.           Replactive Allomorph

It just change the internal (infix). Example: Past (drink, drunk), plural (man, men).

O.           Homophones

Homophones are words that have same pronounciation but different meaning, spelling and grammatical form.

Example:

F Knew           New

F Bye              Buy

In morphology it must be remebered that word like these are different morphemes:

Example:

F Did you like the meet?  /mit/ (track meet)

F Did you like the meat?  /mit/ (roas beef)

The same is true of bound forms, compare:

F Verbal inflectional suffix:                   It feels /-z/ good

F Noun plural:                                         Those frogs /-z/

F Noun possesive inflectional suffix:     John’s /-z/ book

P.            Phonesthemes

Phonesthemes are the words that have number of similar meaning and have different pronounciation.

Example:

F gl (glimmer, glisten, glint, glimpse, gliter, and soon)

At the beginning words, a number of consonantclusters apear to vae phonestematic value. Among them are these:

F /gl-/         : light. Example: glow, glare, glint, gleam, glisten.

F /fl-/         : moving light. Example: flame, flash, flare, flambeau.

F /sp-/        : point. Example: spire, spark, spot, spout, spade.

F /sl-/         : movement. Example: slide, slink, slosh, slouch, shimp.

At the ends of one-syllable words, the voiceless stop /p/, /t/, and /k/ are expressive of an abrupt sroppage of movement. Example: slap, pat, flick,tap, hit, crack.

At the ends of two syllable words, we find the phonesthemes /-ǝl/ and /-ǝr/, each having the meaning of  “repetiotion”

9.             Words

Word is genuine linguistics. Word is a part of original linguistics. Four types word to communication, there are: verbal, nonverbal, written word, and visual (video).

Clasification of words:

F Simple word consist of a single morphemes. Example: sing, eat, read.

F Complex word consist of two bound morpheme to  be one word, example: tele (bound) and vise (bound) tobe televise it called complex word. Complex word also consist of a bound and a free morpheme. Example: dis (bound) and like (free) tobe dislike it called complex word. Another example: like (free) and ly (bound) tobe likely it also called complex word.

F Compound word consist of two free morpheme form. Example: green-house, under-go, and etc.

Compound word can be distinguished from grammatical structure in three ways.

(1)   Compound word can not be devided by the insertion of intervening material between the two parts, but grammatical structures can be so devided. Example:

Ä She is a sweetheart. (It cannot insert anything between sweet and heart).

Ä She is a sweet heart.(It can say; she has a sweeter than her sister, another; she has a sweet, kind heart).

(2)   A member of a compound word can not participate in a grammatical structures. Compare hard and baseball. Hard ball is a grammatical structure of modifier plus noun and its first member, hard, can participate in the structure very hard.

(3)   Some compound nouns, you may recall, have the stress pattern(‘ ‘) bluebird.

10.         Process Of Word Formation

A)           Compounding

Compounding is simply the joining of two or more words into a single words (proses pembentukkan kata baru dengan menggabungkan dua kata atau lebih yang mana kata baru tersebut bisa jadi mempertahankan arti dari kata-kata yang membentuknya atau memiliki arti yang jauh berbeda dari kata-kata asalnya), as in alongside, breakfast, alonghaired. Ocasionally ot is hard to say whether or not word is compound: compare, for instance despite with in of spite and instead of with in place of. For example:

F   Noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook

F   Adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry

F   Verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom

F   Noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed

F   Verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry

F   Adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight

F   Verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup

F   Preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun

F   Adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet

F   Preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into

In terms of writing, the compound is usually written in a variety of forms of writing as described below:

1)             The distance (space) between two words compounded

For example: baby oil, coconut oil, olive oil etc.

2)             Put the dash (hyphen) between two or more words

For example: city-state, the pick-up track etc.

3)             The two words together without separation

For example: blackbird, backbite, masterpiece, ladyfinger etc.

B)           Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivation affixes or bound bases with existing words, as in disadvise, teleplay.

Example of derivation:

1)    Noun: threefold = three _{bases +} fold_suffix

2)    Verb: enclose = en_prefix + close_bases

3)    Adjective: interchangeable = inter_preffix + change_bases + able_suffix

4)    Adverb: retell = re_suffix + tell_bases

Kinds os derivation:

1)   Noun derivation,

Example:

F Freedom = free (root) + dom (suffix)

F Imagination = imagine (root) + ation (suffix)

2)   Adjective derivation,

Example: 

F Talkactive = talk (root) + active (suffix)

F Friendly = friend (root) + ly (suffix)

3)   Verb derivation,

Example:

F Endanger = en (prefix) + danger (root)

F Validate = valid (root) + ate (suffix)

4)   Adverb derivation,

Example:  

F Away = a (prefix) + way (root)

F Backward = back (root) + ward (suffix)

Example in word:

1)    Verb to verb:                           appoint → disappoint

2)    Noun to noun:                         brother → brotherhood

3)    Adjective to adjective:            practical → impractical

4)    Verb to noun:                          preserve → preservation

5)    Verb to adjective:                   bore → boring

6)    Noun to verb:                          code → codify

7)    Noun to adjective:                  nature → natural

8)    Adjective to noun:                  ugly → ugliness

9)    Adjective to verb:                   soft → soften

10)                        Adjective to adverb:   slow → slowly

C)           Invention

Invention is now and then new words are totally invented (bentuk akata saat ini dan seterusnya terbentuk karena sebuah penemuan) like Kodak (camera), nylon (benang/tali), Rinso untuk menyebut semua jenis dan merek deterjen.

D)           Echoism

Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggests their meaning ( makna suara menggambarkan makna kata) like hisss its mean that the sound of snake.

E)           Clipping

Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of the original word. ( pemotongan kata, baik di awal kata atau di akhir). Example: prof. (professor), influenza (flu), Telephone (phone), sitcom (situation comedy).

F)            Acronymy

Acronymy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials a pronounced (dimana sebuah kata dibentuk dari inisial kata). Example: MP (Military Police). Acronymy is same with abrevation.

There are two kinds of abrevation, firstly shortness, like clipping (pemotongan). Example; prof, influenza, telephone etc. Second, Initials like UK (United Kingdom), MP (Military Police), MC (Master of Ceremony), CV (Curiculum Vitae), AC (Air Condition), VIP (Very Important Person).

G)           Blending

Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of another (proses pembentukan kata baru yang merupakan kombinasi dari dua atau lebih bagian kata yang mana arti dari kata baru tersebut merupakan kombinasi dari arti atau makna kata-kata asalnya). Like Infotainment (Information and Entertaiment), Escalator (Escalade Elevator), Transistor (Transfer resistor), spork (spoon and fork), Telethone (telephone and marathon),  biopic (biographical and picture), Californication (California and Fornication), motel (motor and hotel) etc.

H)           Back formation

Back formation is the process of word formation by reducing the suffix of the word beginning (specify noun to verb form), changed the formation back class words and their meanings. For example: administrate – administer, interpretate – interpret, solicitate-solicit, registrate – register.